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初中語(yǔ)法精挑細(xì)講之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

來(lái)源:中考網(wǎng)整合 作者:碧月風(fēng)荷 2011-03-01 16:51:34

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  (十)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

  1.定義:動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語(yǔ)以外,還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì),在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等,這就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。可分為三種:動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。

  2.動(dòng)詞不定式:to + 動(dòng)詞原形(在某些情況下可以不帶to )。(沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化)

  ○1 一般式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):to do , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):to be + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)

  ○2 進(jìn)行式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):to be doing , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):無(wú) (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)

  ○3 完成式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):to have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):to have been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前就發(fā)生)

  ○4 用法:

  A. 作主語(yǔ):To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .

  B. 作表語(yǔ):The most important thing is to finish the work on time .

  C. 作賓語(yǔ):

  a. 動(dòng)詞+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)

  b. 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+to do I don't know where to put the bike .

  c. 動(dòng)詞+形式賓語(yǔ)(it)+賓補(bǔ)+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .

  D. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ):

  a. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)

  b. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的動(dòng)詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)

  E. 作狀語(yǔ):

  a. 表示目的:He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .

  b. 表示結(jié)果:He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .

  c. 表示原因:He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .

  F.作定語(yǔ): I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .

  ○5 動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略:

  A. 在感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動(dòng)詞have, let, make等后面要省to,但在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要還原不定式to。

  I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .

  B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。

  ○6 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式:not + to do ,有時(shí)也可以用-never + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。

  3.動(dòng)名詞:動(dòng)詞原形+ing 。具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。

  ○1 一般式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):doing ,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞(表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)

  ○2 完成式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .

  ○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式:not + 動(dòng)名詞(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .

  ○4 用法:

  A. 作主語(yǔ):

  a. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)如果太長(zhǎng),可以用形式主語(yǔ)it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .

  b. No + 動(dòng)名詞表示"禁止"。No smoking, No parking .

  B. 作賓語(yǔ):He finished doing his homework .

  C. 作表語(yǔ):His favourite sport is playing basketball .

  D. 作定語(yǔ):shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名詞的用途、功能等)

  E. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ?

  4.分詞:動(dòng)詞原形+ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞一些特征。(可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞)

  現(xiàn)在分詞

  ○1 一般式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):doing ,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞(表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)

  ○2 完成式:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀

  態(tài)之前就發(fā)生)

  ○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式:not + 動(dòng)名詞(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .

  ○4 用法:

  A. 作表語(yǔ)。The result is surprising .

  B. 作定語(yǔ)。Developing country (主謂關(guān)系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動(dòng)作)

  C. 作狀語(yǔ)。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .

  D. 作賓補(bǔ)。I found him lying on the grass.

  過(guò)去分詞

  ○1 形式:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞+ed,和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。

  ○2 過(guò)去分詞的否定形式:not + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。

  ○3 用法:

  A. 作表語(yǔ):My bike is broken . He is very worried .

  B. 作定語(yǔ):developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

  C. 作狀語(yǔ):Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .

  D. 作賓補(bǔ):You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
 

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