初中英語語法之非謂語動詞

　　非謂語動詞

　　1.定義：動詞除在句子中作謂語以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等，這就是動詞的非謂語動詞。可分為三種：動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。

　　2.動詞不定式：to + 動詞原形(在某些情況下可以不帶to )。(沒有人稱和數的變化，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，可以有時態和語態的變化)

　　○1 一般式：主動語態：to do , 被動語態：to be + 動詞過去分詞(表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生或之后發生)

　　○2 進行式：主動語態：to be doing , 被動語態：無(表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生)

　　○3 完成式：主動語態：to have +動詞過去分詞，被動語態：to have been +動詞過去分詞 (表示動作或狀態在謂語動作之前就發生)

　　○4 用法：

　　A. 作主語：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .

　　B. 作表語：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .

　　C. 作賓語：

　　a. 動詞+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)

　　b. 動詞+疑問詞+to do I don't know where to put the bike .

　　c. 動詞+形式賓語(it)+賓補+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .

　　D. 作補語：

　　a. 動詞+賓語+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)

　　b. 動詞+賓語+不帶to的動詞He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)

　　E. 作狀語：

　　a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .

　　b. 表示結果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .

　　c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .

　　F.作定語：I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .

　　○5 動詞不定式to 的省略：

　　A. 在感官動詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動語態時要還原不定式to。

　　I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .

　　B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。

　　○6 動詞不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有時也可以用-never + to do 結構。

　　3.動名詞：動詞原形+ing 。具有名詞、動詞一些特征。

　　○1 一般式：主動語態：doing ，被動語態：being + 動詞過去分詞(表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生或之后發生)

　　○2 完成式：主動語態：having +動詞過去分詞，被動語態：having been +動詞過去分詞(表示動作或狀態在謂語動詞的動作或狀態之前就發生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .

　　○3 動名詞的否定形式：not + 動名詞(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .

　　○4 用法：

　　A. 作主語：

　　a. 動名詞作主語如果太長，可以用形式主語it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .

　　b. No + 動名詞表示"禁止"。No smoking, No parking .

　　B. 作賓語：He finished doing his homework .

　　C. 作表語：His favourite sport is playing basketball .

　　D. 作定語：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名詞的用途、功能等)

　　E. 動名詞的復合結構：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞+動名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ?

　　4.分詞：動詞原形+ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動詞一些特征。(可分為現在分詞、過去分詞)

　　現在分詞

　　○1 一般式：主動語態：doing ，被動語態：being + 動詞過去分詞(表示動作或狀態與謂語動詞的動作或狀態同時發生)

　　○2 完成式：主動語態：having +動詞過去分詞，被動語態：having been +動詞過去分詞(表示動作或狀態在謂語動詞的動作或狀

　　態之前就發生)

　　○3 動名詞的否定形式：not + 動名詞(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .

　　○4 用法：

　　A. 作表語。The result is surprising .

　　B. 作定語。Developing country (主謂關系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動作)

　　C. 作狀語。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .

　　D. 作賓補。I found him lying on the grass.

　　過去分詞

　　○1 形式：規則動詞+ed，和不規則動詞的過去分詞。

　　○2 過去分詞的否定形式：not + 動詞過去分詞。

　　○3 用法：

　　A. 作表語：My bike is broken . He is very worried .

　　B. 作定語：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

　　C. 作狀語：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .

　　D. 作賓補：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .

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