動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)漢語的時(shí)態(tài)大多是通過副詞來表達(dá)的，而英語的時(shí)態(tài)是靠動(dòng)詞的變化和時(shí)間狀語來表達(dá)的。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)共有十六種，但是常考的或較常用的只有9種，而且重點(diǎn)測試完成時(shí)態(tài)。 要掌握英語的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，必須掌握好英語中的助動(dòng)詞(do, be, have)和時(shí)間狀語這兩個(gè)核心問題。

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點(diǎn);表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等時(shí)間狀語; 表示客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.

She has a brother who lives in New York.

The earth goes around the sun.

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考點(diǎn)一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時(shí);常用的引導(dǎo)詞有：時(shí)間：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 條件：if, unless, provided.

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考點(diǎn)三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +賓語從句， 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么時(shí)候做完試驗(yàn)。

考點(diǎn)四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般將來時(shí), 從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

The harder you study, the better results you will get.

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

表說話時(shí)或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)：或表感情色彩，加強(qiáng)語氣。與頻率副詞，如always，constantly，continually，again等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩(贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)。

We are having English class.

The house is being built these days.

The little boy is always making trouble.

考點(diǎn)一：在時(shí)間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。　Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考點(diǎn)二： 表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這時(shí)多有表示將來的時(shí)間狀語)。

Marry is leaving on Friday.

3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語：

考點(diǎn)一：for + 時(shí)間段;since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)

They have lived in Beijing for five years.

They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

I have learned English for ten years.

考點(diǎn)二：常見的不確定的時(shí)間狀語：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,

Has it stopped raining yet ?

考點(diǎn)三：在表示“最近幾世紀(jì)/ 年/ 月以來……”時(shí)間狀語中，謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days;over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

考點(diǎn)四：表示“第幾次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名詞 +that” 后面跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

This is my first time that I have visited China.

This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

That is the only book that he has written.

4.一般過去時(shí)

表在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且完成的動(dòng)作，或過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

考點(diǎn)一：used to + do，表示過去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已不再維持的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。to為不定式，后接動(dòng)詞原形。

be/become/get used to + doing，表示習(xí)慣于

He used to smoke a lot.

He has got used to getting up early.

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時(shí)。

He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

What were you doing at nine last night?

The radio was being repaired when you called me.

6. 過去完成時(shí)

表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，即過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語，這種時(shí)態(tài)從來不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

By the end of last term we had finished the book.

They finished earlier than we had expected.

考點(diǎn)一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意主謂倒裝)

考點(diǎn)二：表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過去時(shí)，從句用過去完成時(shí)。

That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

It was 3 years since we had parted。

考點(diǎn)三：動(dòng)詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用過去完成時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算和意圖。

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

7. 一般將來時(shí)

表在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，其表現(xiàn)形式多達(dá)5種。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考點(diǎn)一：一般將來時(shí)總是用在一些時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

(主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句中一定要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來時(shí)。)

考點(diǎn)二：某些表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示將來。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考點(diǎn)三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中and后面的句子謂語用一般將來時(shí)。Use your head and you will find a way.

考點(diǎn)四：“am (is, are) going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要發(fā)生的事。

“am (is, are) about to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照預(yù)定計(jì)劃或打算準(zhǔn)備著手進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

“am (is, are) to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示必須、必然或計(jì)劃將要做的事。They are to be married in this May.

8、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

表將來某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或按計(jì)劃一定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。

I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天這會(huì)我正在寫作業(yè)。

The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

9、將來完成時(shí)

表在將來某時(shí)刻之前業(yè)已完成的事情，時(shí)間狀語非常明顯。

考點(diǎn)一：常用的時(shí)間狀語一般用by+將來的時(shí)間。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時(shí)則由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示。

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

10. 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

一般用于強(qiáng)調(diào)受者， 做題時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞不再有名詞或賓語。動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)一般不單獨(dú)考，而是和時(shí)態(tài)、語氣和非謂語動(dòng)詞一起考，只是需要注意以下考點(diǎn)。

考點(diǎn)一：不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和詞組

come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

It took place before liberation.

考點(diǎn)二：下列動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義, 而且常與well, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用。

lock ( 鎖 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 賣 ); read ( 讀 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (責(zé)備);ride (乘坐); write ( 寫 );

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。

The car rides smoothly. 這車走起來很穩(wěn)。

The case locks easily. 這箱子很好鎖。

The book sells well. 這本書很暢銷。

考點(diǎn)三：一些常用經(jīng)典被動(dòng)句型：

It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,

這些句子一般翻譯為“據(jù)說……”，“人們認(rèn)為……”，

而 “以前人們認(rèn)為……” 則應(yīng)該說：It was believed…, It was thought

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)漢語的時(shí)態(tài)大多是通過副詞來表達(dá)的，而英語的時(shí)態(tài)是靠動(dòng)詞的變化和時(shí)間狀語來表達(dá)的。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)共有十六種，但是常考的或較常用的只有9種，而且重點(diǎn)測試完成時(shí)態(tài)。 要掌握英語的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，必須掌握好英語中的助動(dòng)詞(do, be, have)和時(shí)間狀語這兩個(gè)核心問題。

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點(diǎn);表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等時(shí)間狀語; 表示客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.

She has a brother who lives in New York.

The earth goes around the sun.

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考點(diǎn)一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時(shí);常用的引導(dǎo)詞有：時(shí)間：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 條件：if, unless, provided.

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考點(diǎn)三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +賓語從句， 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么時(shí)候做完試驗(yàn)。

考點(diǎn)四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般將來時(shí), 從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

The harder you study, the better results you will get.

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

表說話時(shí)或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)：或表感情色彩，加強(qiáng)語氣。與頻率副詞，如always，constantly，continually，again等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩(贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)。

We are having English class.

The house is being built these days.

The little boy is always making trouble.

考點(diǎn)一：在時(shí)間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。　Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考點(diǎn)二： 表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這時(shí)多有表示將來的時(shí)間狀語)。

Marry is leaving on Friday.

3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語：

考點(diǎn)一：for + 時(shí)間段;since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)

They have lived in Beijing for five years.

They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

I have learned English for ten years.

考點(diǎn)二：常見的不確定的時(shí)間狀語：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,

Has it stopped raining yet ?

考點(diǎn)三：在表示“最近幾世紀(jì)/ 年/ 月以來……”時(shí)間狀語中，謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days;over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

考點(diǎn)四：表示“第幾次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名詞 +that” 后面跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

This is my first time that I have visited China.

This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

That is the only book that he has written.

4.一般過去時(shí)

表在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且完成的動(dòng)作，或過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

考點(diǎn)一：used to + do，表示過去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已不再維持的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。to為不定式，后接動(dòng)詞原形。

be/become/get used to + doing，表示習(xí)慣于

He used to smoke a lot.

He has got used to getting up early.

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時(shí)。

He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)或某段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

What were you doing at nine last night?

The radio was being repaired when you called me.

6. 過去完成時(shí)

表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，即過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語，這種時(shí)態(tài)從來不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

By the end of last term we had finished the book.

They finished earlier than we had expected.

考點(diǎn)一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意主謂倒裝)

考點(diǎn)二：表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過去時(shí)，從句用過去完成時(shí)。

That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

It was 3 years since we had parted。

考點(diǎn)三：動(dòng)詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用過去完成時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算和意圖。

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

7. 一般將來時(shí)

表在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，其表現(xiàn)形式多達(dá)5種。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考點(diǎn)一：一般將來時(shí)總是用在一些時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

(主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句中一定要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來時(shí)。)

考點(diǎn)二：某些表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示將來。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考點(diǎn)三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中and后面的句子謂語用一般將來時(shí)。Use your head and you will find a way.

考點(diǎn)四：“am (is, are) going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要發(fā)生的事。

“am (is, are) about to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照預(yù)定計(jì)劃或打算準(zhǔn)備著手進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

“am (is, are) to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示必須、必然或計(jì)劃將要做的事。They are to be married in this May.

8、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

表將來某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或按計(jì)劃一定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。

I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天這會(huì)我正在寫作業(yè)。

The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

9、將來完成時(shí)

表在將來某時(shí)刻之前業(yè)已完成的事情，時(shí)間狀語非常明顯。

考點(diǎn)一：常用的時(shí)間狀語一般用by+將來的時(shí)間。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時(shí)則由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示。

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

10. 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

一般用于強(qiáng)調(diào)受者， 做題時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞不再有名詞或賓語。動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)一般不單獨(dú)考，而是和時(shí)態(tài)、語氣和非謂語動(dòng)詞一起考，只是需要注意以下考點(diǎn)。

考點(diǎn)一：不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和詞組

come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

It took place before liberation.

考點(diǎn)二：下列動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義, 而且常與well, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用。

lock ( 鎖 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 賣 ); read ( 讀 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (責(zé)備);ride (乘坐); write ( 寫 );

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。

The car rides smoothly. 這車走起來很穩(wěn)。

The case locks easily. 這箱子很好鎖。

The book sells well. 這本書很暢銷。

考點(diǎn)三：一些常用經(jīng)典被動(dòng)句型：

It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,

這些句子一般翻譯為“據(jù)說……”，“人們認(rèn)為……”，

而 “以前人們認(rèn)為……” 則應(yīng)該說：It was believed…, It was thought

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