動詞的時態、語態

動詞時態、語態漢語的時態大多是通過副詞來表達的，而英語的時態是靠動詞的變化和時間狀語來表達的。英語中的時態共有十六種，但是�？嫉幕蜉^常用的只有9種，而且重點測試完成時態。 要掌握英語的時態和語態，必須掌握好英語中的助動詞(do, be, have)和時間狀語這兩個核心問題。

1、一般現在時 主要用來表示人、事物的現在狀況和特點;表示經常或習慣性的動作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等時間狀語; 表示客觀規律和永恒真理等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.

She has a brother who lives in New York.

The earth goes around the sun.

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考點一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現在過去的語境中，仍用一般現在時。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時;常用的引導詞有：時間：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 條件：if, unless, provided.

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考點三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +賓語從句， 從句用一般現在時代替一般將來時。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么時候做完試驗。

考點四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般將來時, 從句通常用一般現在時。

The harder you study, the better results you will get.

2、現在進行時

表說話時或目前一段時間內正在進行的活動：或表感情色彩，加強語氣。與頻率副詞，如always，constantly，continually，again等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩(贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)。

We are having English class.

The house is being built these days.

The little boy is always making trouble.

考點一：在時間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進行的動作。　Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考點二： 表示在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作(這時多有表示將來的時間狀語)。

Marry is leaving on Friday.

3、現在完成時

表示動作發生在過去，完成在過去，但強調與現在情況仍有聯系，其結果或影響仍存在�，F在完成時有一些標志性的時間狀語：

考點一：for + 時間段;since + 時間點

They have lived in Beijing for five years.

They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

I have learned English for ten years.

考點二：常見的不確定的時間狀語：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,

Has it stopped raining yet ?

考點三：在表示“最近幾世紀/ 年/ 月以來……”時間狀語中，謂語動詞用現在完成時。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days;over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

考點四：表示“第幾次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名詞 +that” 后面跟現在完成時。

This is my first time that I have visited China.

This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

That is the only book that he has written.

4.一般過去時

表在過去某個特定時間發生且完成的動作，或過去習慣性動作，不強調對現在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時間連用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

考點一：used to + do，表示過去經常但現在已不再維持的習慣動作。to為不定式，后接動詞原形。

be/become/get used to + doing，表示習慣于

He used to smoke a lot.

He has got used to getting up early.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時。

He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

5. 過去進行時

表示過去某個時間點或某段時間內正在發生的動作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

What were you doing at nine last night?

The radio was being repaired when you called me.

6. 過去完成時

表示過去某個時間之前已經完成的動作，即過去完成時的動作發生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語，這種時態從來不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

By the end of last term we had finished the book.

They finished earlier than we had expected.

考點一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意主謂倒裝)

考點二：表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過去時，從句用過去完成時。

That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

It was 3 years since we had parted。

考點三：動詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用過去完成時，表示未實現的愿望、打算和意圖。

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

7. 一般將來時

表在將來某個時間會發生的動作或情況。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示將來的時間狀語連用，其表現形式多達5種。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考點一：一般將來時總是用在一些時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

(主句用一般將來時，從句中一定要用一般現在時替代一般將來時。)

考點二：某些表示短暫性動作的動詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用現在進行時形式表示將來。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考點三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，這種結構中and后面的句子謂語用一般將來時。Use your head and you will find a way.

考點四：“am (is, are) going to + 動詞原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要發生的事。

“am (is, are) about to + 動詞原形”表示按照預定計劃或打算準備著手進行的動作。

“am (is, are) to + 動詞原形”表示必須、必然或計劃將要做的事。They are to be married in this May.

8、將來進行時

表將來某個時間正在發生的動作，或按計劃一定會發生的事情。

I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天這會我正在寫作業。

The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

9、將來完成時

表在將來某時刻之前業已完成的事情，時間狀語非常明顯。

考點一：常用的時間狀語一般用by+將來的時間。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引導的副詞從句。

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時則由現在完成時表示。

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

10. 動詞的語態

一般用于強調受者， 做題時謂語動詞不再有名詞或賓語。動詞的語態一般不單獨考，而是和時態、語氣和非謂語動詞一起考，只是需要注意以下考點。

考點一：不能用于被動語態的動詞和詞組

come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

It took place before liberation.

考點二：下列動詞的主動語態表示被動意義, 而且常與well, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用。

lock ( 鎖 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 賣 ); read ( 讀 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (責備);ride (乘坐); write ( 寫 );

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。

The car rides smoothly. 這車走起來很穩。

The case locks easily. 這箱子很好鎖。

The book sells well. 這本書很暢銷。

考點三：一些常用經典被動句型：

It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,

這些句子一般翻譯為“據說……”，“人們認為……”，

而 “以前人們認為……” 則應該說：It was believed…, It was thought

動詞的時態、語態

動詞時態、語態漢語的時態大多是通過副詞來表達的，而英語的時態是靠動詞的變化和時間狀語來表達的。英語中的時態共有十六種，但是常考的或較常用的只有9種，而且重點測試完成時態。 要掌握英語的時態和語態，必須掌握好英語中的助動詞(do, be, have)和時間狀語這兩個核心問題。

1、一般現在時 主要用來表示人、事物的現在狀況和特點;表示經�；蛄晳T性的動作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等時間狀語; 表示客觀規律和永恒真理等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.

She has a brother who lives in New York.

The earth goes around the sun.

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考點一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現在過去的語境中，仍用一般現在時。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時;常用的引導詞有：時間：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 條件：if, unless, provided.

If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考點三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +賓語從句， 從句用一般現在時代替一般將來時。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么時候做完試驗。

考點四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般將來時, 從句通常用一般現在時。

The harder you study, the better results you will get.

2、現在進行時

表說話時或目前一段時間內正在進行的活動：或表感情色彩，加強語氣。與頻率副詞，如always，constantly，continually，again等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩(贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)。

We are having English class.

The house is being built these days.

The little boy is always making trouble.

考點一：在時間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進行的動作�！�Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考點二： 表示在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作(這時多有表示將來的時間狀語)。

Marry is leaving on Friday.

3、現在完成時

表示動作發生在過去，完成在過去，但強調與現在情況仍有聯系，其結果或影響仍存在�，F在完成時有一些標志性的時間狀語：

考點一：for + 時間段;since + 時間點

They have lived in Beijing for five years.

They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

I have learned English for ten years.

考點二：常見的不確定的時間狀語：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,

Has it stopped raining yet ?

考點三：在表示“最近幾世紀/ 年/ 月以來……”時間狀語中，謂語動詞用現在完成時。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days;over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

考點四：表示“第幾次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名詞 +that” 后面跟現在完成時。

This is my first time that I have visited China.

This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

That is the only book that he has written.

4.一般過去時

表在過去某個特定時間發生且完成的動作，或過去習慣性動作，不強調對現在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時間連用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

考點一：used to + do，表示過去經常但現在已不再維持的習慣動作。to為不定式，后接動詞原形。

be/become/get used to + doing，表示習慣于

He used to smoke a lot.

He has got used to getting up early.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時。

He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

5. 過去進行時

表示過去某個時間點或某段時間內正在發生的動作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

What were you doing at nine last night?

The radio was being repaired when you called me.

6. 過去完成時

表示過去某個時間之前已經完成的動作，即過去完成時的動作發生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語，這種時態從來不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

By the end of last term we had finished the book.

They finished earlier than we had expected.

考點一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意主謂倒裝)

考點二：表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過去時，從句用過去完成時。

That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

It was 3 years since we had parted。

考點三：動詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用過去完成時，表示未實現的愿望、打算和意圖。

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

7. 一般將來時

表在將來某個時間會發生的動作或情況。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示將來的時間狀語連用，其表現形式多達5種。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考點一：一般將來時總是用在一些時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

(主句用一般將來時，從句中一定要用一般現在時替代一般將來時。)

考點二：某些表示短暫性動作的動詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用現在進行時形式表示將來。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考點三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，這種結構中and后面的句子謂語用一般將來時。Use your head and you will find a way.

考點四：“am (is, are) going to + 動詞原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要發生的事。

“am (is, are) about to + 動詞原形”表示按照預定計劃或打算準備著手進行的動作。

“am (is, are) to + 動詞原形”表示必須、必然或計劃將要做的事。They are to be married in this May.

8、將來進行時

表將來某個時間正在發生的動作，或按計劃一定會發生的事情。

I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天這會我正在寫作業。

The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

9、將來完成時

表在將來某時刻之前業已完成的事情，時間狀語非常明顯。

考點一：常用的時間狀語一般用by+將來的時間。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引導的副詞從句。

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考點二：在時間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時則由現在完成時表示。

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

10. 動詞的語態

一般用于強調受者， 做題時謂語動詞不再有名詞或賓語。動詞的語態一般不單獨考，而是和時態、語氣和非謂語動詞一起考，只是需要注意以下考點。

考點一：不能用于被動語態的動詞和詞組

come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed

It took place before liberation.

考點二：下列動詞的主動語態表示被動意義, 而且常與well, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用。

lock ( 鎖 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 賣 ); read ( 讀 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (責備);ride (乘坐); write ( 寫 );

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。

The car rides smoothly. 這車走起來很穩。

The case locks easily. 這箱子很好鎖。

The book sells well. 這本書很暢銷。

考點三：一些常用經典被動句型：

It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,

這些句子一般翻譯為“據說……”，“人們認為……”，

而 “以前人們認為……” 則應該說：It was believed…, It was thought

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