句子成分的用法

1、主語

(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、動名詞等充當,說明動作是“誰”發出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)

(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)

(3)口語中常見主語或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)沒有關系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)

(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎?)

(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時往往用來指定某個人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)

(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處于第二位和句尾;倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒?) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎?)

(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復數的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。)

(8)主語可以由從句充當,詳見“主語從句”。

2、謂語

(1)由“不及物動詞”、“及物動詞+賓語”或“系動詞+表語”等構成,說明主語所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經變壞。) /

(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數、時態等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構成：[情態動詞]+[時態助動詞]+[語態助動詞]+[主要動詞](不一定全部出現)。(見動詞的時態和語態構成表)　記住：謂語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如：

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can’thave finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止

禽流感蔓延。)

(3)謂語動詞切忌用“行為動詞1 + 原形動詞”、“be + 原形動詞”。

記住使用下列正確形式：

①情態動詞+原形動詞。如：You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好復習這一課。)

②shall/ will/ would+原形動詞。如：They should have been there once.(他們應該去過那兒。)

③be+現在分詞或者過去分詞。如：What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自從20世紀70年代大批樹木被砍伐。)

④have+過去分詞。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)

⑤一般時問句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形動詞。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子過的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你們當中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎?)

⑥行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做個獸醫。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著：圣誕快樂!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳墓。)

(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞。

(5)謂語動詞單復數形式：單數形式的動詞有：is,was,has,does以及“動詞+s”;復數形式的動詞有：are,were,have以及動詞原形。其他動詞不分單、復數。

記住：主語、謂語單復數必須保持一致。(參見“4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題：”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對于我們大家是必不可少的。)

(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應該使用“是”動詞、情態動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎?----是的。)

3、賓語

(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當,表示動作的承受者是“誰”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當兩個賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們如此喜愛看足球以至于常常忘記了他們的功課。)(動名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我認為當個兒童醫生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語)

(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎?)

(3) 賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看見了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信?)

(4)“動詞+副詞+賓語”結構中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)

(5) 動詞后面跟雙賓語時可以采用兩種結構：

①動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)

②動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如： Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風箏。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“動詞+賓語+賓補”結構中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我發覺這個工作相當難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 賓語可以由從句充當,詳見“賓語從句”。

4、表語

(1) 說明主語的身份、性質、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業他當上了醫生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(誰呀?)

(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對表語進行提問的句子除外。

(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如：It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)

(5) 表語也可以由從句充當,詳見“表語從句”。

5、定語

(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當,在初三階段還學習了定語從句做定語的知識。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)

(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序：

(3) 時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語時放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)

(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)

(5) 形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)

(6) 定語還可以用從句充當,詳見 定語從句。

(7) 注意：由于定語屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。

6、狀語

(1) 說明動作“何時”、“何地”、“如何”發生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當。如：I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(對其中的許多家庭來說,大學教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發現房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)

(2) 副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六·2》“副詞在句子中的位置以及作用”;介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七·4》“介詞短語在句子中的位置”;不定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結果,詳見《八·7》“動詞的非謂語形式”;從句作狀語,詳見《主從復合句》的“狀語從句”。

(3) 多個狀語相連時,一般先單詞、后短語,先地點、后時間,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點3刻從房間里出來,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當,有時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等。詳見“狀語從句”。

(5) 注意：由于狀語屬于修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分。

7、賓語補足語

(1) 補充說明賓語的動作、狀態的成分為賓語補足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動詞非謂語形式(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當。如：Call him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動物們給他帶食物來。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補足語。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進來!)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來。)

(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補足語的情況,詳見《八·7》“動詞的非謂語形式”相關內容。

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