過去完成時

1概念引入

過去完成時的概念：

過去完成時表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。它表示動作發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”。表示過去某一時間可用by, before等構成的短語，也可用when, before等引導的從句或通過上下文提示等。

His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected.

當他終于收到他盼望已久的雜志時，他興奮得兩眼閃光。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.

12歲時，愛迪生就開始自己謀生。

2用法講解

1. 過去完成時的構成

1)過去完成時基本構成形式: had +過去分詞。

We had reached the top of the hill before midnight.

在半夜之前我們已登上了山頂。

2)過去完成時的否定形式: had + not + 過去分詞。

They hadn’t finished the work when we got there.

我們到那兒時,他們還沒有完成工作。

3)過去完成時的一般疑問句及其回答形式:

疑問句要把had提到句首;回答用Yes, 主語+ had. / No, 主語+ hadn’t.

—Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday? 他昨天告訴過你早點兒到那兒嗎?

—Yes, he had. (No, he hadn’t.) 是的,他告訴了。(不,他沒有。)

注意：had not 常簡略為hadn't。

2. 過去完成時的用法

過去完成時的主要用法和現(xiàn)在完成時一樣。不同的是，過去完成時把時間推移到了過去某一時間之前，與現(xiàn)在無關。

1)過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)完成了的動作。

Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.

海倫把鑰匙忘到辦公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回來。

When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.

當我們到達電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開始了。

He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告訴我他以前參觀過長城。

When Jack arrived，he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.

杰克到達后得知瑪麗離開近一個小時了。

2)表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的這一時間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動作，常和for, since構成的短語或引導的從句連用。

By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.

到我畢業(yè)時，他已經(jīng)教那個班三年了。

He said he had made great progress since he came here.

他說自從他來這里他已經(jīng)取得了很大進步。

3)放在said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過去時動詞的后面，表示在這些動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。

My friend told me that he had passed the exam.

我的朋友告訴我，他已通過了考試。

He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.

他問我前一天晚上是否看過那部電影。

She wondered who had left the door open.

她想知道誰敞著門的。

【拓展】

1)用在“It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中。

在此句型中，主句用了一般過去時，that引導的定語從句要用過去完成時。

This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.

這是三十九年后他們第一次見面。

It was the first time we had spoken together.

這是我們第一次在一起說話。

2)當before , after, as soon as 等引導的從句里的動作與主句的動作緊密銜接時，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)說明了兩個動作發(fā)生的先后關系，因此兩個動作均可用一般過去時表示。

We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.

做完早操之后，我們吃早飯。

The train started to move just before we reached the station.

我們到車站時火車剛開動。

As soon as they got there, they started to study.

他們一到那里就開始學習了。

I. 單項選擇。

1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.

A. left，had arrived

B. left，arrived

C. had left，had arrived

D. had left，arrived

2. We ______ four thousand new words by the end of last year.

A. had learned

B. have learned

C. learned

D. will have learned

3. The pen I ______ I ______ is on my desk.

A. think，lost

B. thought，had lost

C. think，had lost

D. thought，have lost

4. —Did you see Mr. Smith when you were in France?

—No, when I _____ France, he ______ to China.

A. had arrived, had gone

B. arrived to, went

C. got to, had gone

D. had got to, would go

5. Catherine ______ the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.

A. had written

B. was written

C. has written

D. is writing

6.—I have bought you the books you want.

—Oh，good，I afraid you had forgotten.

A.wasB.amC.had beenD.have been

7.—Why didn't Tom attend the meeting yesterday?

—He Beijing.

A.has gone to

B.had gone to

C.went to

D.had　been to

8.The bus had gone when I_______at the bus stop.

A.have arrived

B.arrived

C.had arrived

D.am　arriving

9. The police found that the house ______and a lot of things_____.

A. has broken into, has been stolen

B. had been broken into, had been stolen

C. has been broken into, stolen

D. had been broken into, stolen

10. We _________the work by six yesterday evening.

A. finished

B. would finish

C. had finished

D. had been finished

II. 用所給動詞的正確形式填空。

1. Mary _____ already _____(try) the dress on before she bought it.

2. I was surprised to find that all my classmates _____(go) to the lab when I _____(get) to the classroom.

3. When she _____ (finish) her work in the office, Mrs. Smith left.

4. Mr. Feng _____ (teach) Lesson 2 by the end of last week.

5. Mr. Smith _____(live) in Europe for fifteen years before he _____(go) to Australia.

6. By ten yesterday evening, she _______(finish) writing.

7.______you ever_______(read) his new novel?

8. She asked if Mr. Liu _______already________(leave).

9. It ______ (stop) raining when I woke up this morning.

10. When he ______(come) to China two years ago, he found people didn’t understand him at all though he ______(learn )some Chinese in his own country.

III. 根據(jù)漢語提示完成下列句子。

1. 到了六點鐘為止，他們已經(jīng)工作了八小時了。

By six o’clock they _______ (work)for eight hours.

2. 我到廣州時，他在那里很長時間了。

When I came to GuangZhou, he _______(be) there for a long time.

3.到上個月中旬我們在北京住了有五年時間了。

By the middle of last month we ______(live) in Beijing for five years.

4. 到昨晚上，他已寫完那封信。

By yesterday evening he _________ (write) that letter.

5. 他說他以前見過你。

He said that he ________(see) you before.

6. 當我進來時，他已做完了作業(yè)。

When I came in he _________(finish) his homework.

7. 他告訴我說他們隊已經(jīng)贏了。

He told me that his team ________ already _______ (win).

8. 她說她仍沒去過長城。

She said that she ________(not go to) the Great Wall yet.

參考答案

I. 單項選擇。

1. D。句意為“湯姆很失望，當他到達宴會時，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了”。guests先“離開”，Tom后“到達”。

2. A。根據(jù)by短語中的last year可知“到去年年末已經(jīng)完成的動作”。

3. B。句意為“那支我以為已經(jīng)丟了的鋼筆就在我的桌子上”。“丟筆”是在“認為”之前發(fā)生的動作。

4. C。when引導的從句用一般過去時，主句用過去完成時，表示“過去的過去”。

5. A。before引導的從句用一般過去時，主句動作表示“過去的過去”，用過去完成時。

6. A。句意為“我擔心你已經(jīng)忘記了”。這里從句用了過去完成時，所以主句要用一般過去時。

7. B。句意表示“湯姆在昨天之前就已經(jīng)去北京了，但是還沒有回來”。

8. B。句意為“當我到車站時，公共汽車已經(jīng)開走了”。由于主句用了過去完成時，所以when引導的從句要用一般過去時。

9. B。本句考查過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“警察發(fā)現(xiàn)房子被非法闖入，許多東西被盜。”

10.C。句意為“截止昨天晚上六點鐘，我們已經(jīng)完成了工作”。

II. 用所給動詞的正確形式填空。

1. had; tried 2. had gone; got

3. had finished 4. had taught

5. had lived; went6. had finished

7. Have; read 8. had; left

9. had stopped 10. came; had learned

III. 根據(jù)漢語提示完成下列句子。

1. had worked 2. had been

3. had lived 4. had written

5. had seen6. had finished

7. had，won 8. hadn’t been to

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